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Aagaard, L K and Madsen, L V (2022) Technological fascination and reluctance: gendered practices in the smart home. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 677–91.

Aggeli, A, Christensen, T H and Larsen, S P A K (2022) The gendering of energy household labour. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 709–24.

Andreasen, M H, Agergaard, J, Kofie, R Y, Møller-Jensen, L and Oteng-Ababio, M (2022) Urban encroachment in ecologically sensitive areas: drivers, impediments and consequences. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 920–38.

Bartiaux, F (2022) Gender roles and domestic power in energy-saving home improvements. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 824–41.

Belias, E and Licina, D (2022) Outdoor PM_2.5 air filtration: optimising indoor air quality and energy. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 186–203.

Blanc, F and Scanlon, K (2022) Sharing a home under lockdown in London. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 118–33.

Byrd, H, Matthewman, S and Rasheed, E (2022) Air-conditioning in New Zealand: power and policy. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 1–9.

Chambers, D (2022) Attuning smart home scripts to household and energy care. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 663–76.

Cook, M J, Shukla, Y, Rawal, R, Angelopoulos, C, Caruggi-De-Faria, L, Loveday, D, Spentzou, E and Patel, J (2022) Integrating low energy cooling and ventilation strategies in Indian residences. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 279–96.

de Toldi, T, Craig, S and Sushama, L (2022) Internal thermal mass for passive cooling and ventilation: adaptive comfort limits, ideal quantities, embodied carbon. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 42–67.

Dowsett, R M, Green, M S and Harty, C F (2022) Speculation beyond technology: building scenarios through storytelling. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 534–53.

Ford, B, Mumovic, D and Rawal, R (2022) Alternatives to air-conditioning: policies, design, technologies, behaviours. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 433–47.

Göswein, V, Arehart, J, Phan-huy, C, Pomponi, F and Habert, G (2022) Barriers and opportunities of fast-growing biobased material use in buildings. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 745–55.

Godoy-Shimizu, D, Hong, S M, Korolija, I, Schwartz, Y, Mavrogianni, A and Mumovic, D (2022) Pathways to improving the school stock of England towards net zero. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 939–63.

Goncalves, V L, Costanzo, V, Fabbri, K and Rakha, T (2022) Overheating assessment in Passivhaus dwellings: the influence of prediction tools. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 153–67.

Grassie, D, Schwartz, Y, Symonds, P, Korolija, I, Mavrogianni, A and Mumovic, D (2022) Energy retrofit and passive cooling: overheating and air quality in primary schools. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 204–25.

Green, S D (2022) Modern methods of construction: reflections on the current research agenda. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 653–62.

Gullette, G, Thebpanya, P and Singto, S (2022) Socioeconomic and livelihood impacts within Bangkok’s expanding metropolitan region. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 808–23.

Herbert, Y, Dale, A and Stashok, C (2022) Canadian cities: climate change action and plans. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 854–73.

Hipwood, T (2022) Adapting owner-occupied dwellings in the UK: lessons for the future. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 297–315.

Hitchings, R (2022) Understanding air-conditioned lives: qualitative insights from Doha. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 28–41.

Hochachka, G, Logan, K G, Raymond, J and Mérida, W (2022) Climate action in urban mobility: personal and political transformations. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 1019–41.

Jain, M and Rawal, R (2022) Emissions from a net-zero building in India: life cycle assessment. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 398–416.

Jefferies, D and Schweber, L (2022) Professional judgement: an institutional logic approach to contractor tender pricing. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 518–33.

Lützkendorf, T and Balouktsi, M (2022) Embodied carbon emissions in buildings: explanations, interpretations, recommendations. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 964–73.

• Type: Journal Article
• Keywords: building; building design; embodied carbon; environmental performance; greenhouse gas emissions; life cycle; net zero;
• ISBN/ISSN: 2632-6655
• URL: https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.257
• Abstract:
  What is embodied carbon and why is it a significant challenge for clients and designers in the real estate and construction sector? It is the sum of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that arise in the life cycle of a building during manufacture and construction (upfront), maintenance and replacement of building components (recurrent), as well as dismantling and waste processing (end of life). Currently, the relative and absolute share of embodied carbon in the life cycle of a single building is growing and becoming a dominant factor in the case of energy-efficient buildings. For example, for new buildings, it can represent more than 50% of life-cycle carbon. Against this background, embodied carbon is becoming an object of assessment not just in research but also in design and decision-making. It also becomes a key action to reduce GHG emissions. Embodied carbon assessment and reduction are being increasingly mandated in national regulations. Clients and designers (as key actors in the supply chain) can harness new knowledge and tools to reduce embodied carbon as part of a strategy to reduce overall GHG emissions. Appropriate methods, data, benchmarks and tools are being further developed and operationalised to support the processes for specifying and designing low carbon buildings. An overview is presented of the state of knowledge and current developments. Constructive recommendations are provided for actions that clients and designers can take. From the perspective of a single building’s life cycle, the proportion of embodied carbon is around 50% on average for new energy-efficient buildings. From a macro-economic perspective, approximately 10% of global energy-related CO₂ emissions are attributable to the embodied emissions of buildings. Designers can influence and assess embodied carbon according to related design targets in the client’s brief and/or legal requirements. A trade-off between operational and embodied carbon is typical, but possibilities exist to optimise both sides. Embodied carbon can be reduced by selecting low carbon construction products and/or reused building components. Further possibilities are the revitalisation of existing buildings, the extension of their service life, the minimisation of useable areas (sufficiency), as well as the optimisation of buildings and their components. With good design, it is possible to construct low embodied carbon buildings with little or no additional costs, and even generate economic benefits.

Lamson-Hall, P and Martin, R (2022) The Ethiopia Urban Expansion Initiative and knowledge exchange. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 772–91.

Lizana, J, Miranda, N D, Gross, L, Mazzone, A, Cohen, F, Palafox-Alcantar, G, Fahr, P, Jani, A, Renaldi, R, McCulloch, M and Khosla, R (2022) Overcoming the incumbency and barriers to sustainable cooling. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 1075–97.

Lucas-Healey, K, Ransan-Cooper, H, Temby, H and Russell, A W (2022) Who cares? How care practices uphold the decentralised energy order. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 448–63.

MacLaren, V, Ikiz, E and Alfred, E (2022) Meeting urban GHG reduction goals with waste diversion: multi-residential buildings. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 1042–58.

Marco, E, Tahsiri, M, Sinnett, D and Oliveira, S (2022) Architects’ ‘enforced togetherness’: new design affordances of the home. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 168–85.

Martin, R (2022) Energy housekeeping: intersections of gender, domestic labour and technologies. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 554–69.

McCall, V (2022) Inclusive Living: ageing, adaptations and future-proofing homes. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 250–64.

Meacham, B J (2022) Fire performance and regulatory considerations with modern methods of construction. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 464–87.

Mechlenborg, M and Gram-Hanssen, K (2022) Masculine roles and practices in homes with photovoltaic systems. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 638–52.

Mohareb, E, Gillich, A and Bristow, D (2022) Participation in domestic energy retrofit programmes: key spatio-temporal drivers. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 356–75.

Moncaster, A, Malmqvist, T, Forman, T, Pomponi, F and Anderson, J (2022) Embodied carbon of concrete in buildings, part 2: are the messages accurate?. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 334–55.

Morgan, G T, Coleman, S, Robinson, J B, Touchie, M F, Poland, B, Jakubiec, A, Macdonald, S, Lach, N and Cao, Y (2022) Wellbeing as an emergent property of social practice. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 756–71.

Murtagh, N, Badi, S, Shi, Y, Wei, S and Yu, W (2022) Living with air-conditioning: experiences in Dubai, Chongqing and London. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 10–27.

Ness, D (2022) Towards sufficiency and solidarity: COP27 implications for construction and property. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 912–9.

Olazabal, M and Castán Broto, V (2022) Institutionalisation of urban climate adaptation: three municipal experiences in Spain. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 570–88.

Oyalowo, B (2022) Implications of urban expansion: land, planning and housing in Lagos. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 692–708.

Pelsmakers, S and Warwick, E (2022) Housing adaptability: new research, emerging practices and challenges. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 605–18.

Peters, T and Masoudinejad, S (2022) Balconies as adaptable spaces in apartment housing. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 265–78.

Pink, S (2022) The gender of smart charging. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 488–502.

Rastogi, P, Laxo, A, Cecil, L D and Overbey, D (2022) Projected climate data for building design: barriers to use. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 111–7.

Richter, S M and Bixler, R P (2022) Complexifying urban expansion: an exploratory, gradient-based approach. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 792–807.

Salazar Tamayo, M M and Julio Estrada, J D (2022) Planning gaps: unexpected urban expansion in five Colombian metropolitan areas. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 725–44.

Schiffer, A, Greene, M, Khalid, R, Foulds, C, Vidal, C A, Chatterjee, M, Dhar-Bhattacharjee, S, Edomah, N, Sule, O, Palit, D and Yesutanbul, A N (2022) Brokering Gender Empowerment in Energy Access in the Global South. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 619–37.

Schoenefeldt, H (2022) Technological transitions in climate control: lessons from the House of Lords. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 68–92.

Shirani, F, O’Sullivan, K, Henwood, K, Hale, R and Pidgeon, N (2022) Living in an Active Home: household dynamics and unintended consequences. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 589–604.

Short, C A, Woods, A W, Drumright, L, Zia, R and Mingotti, N (2022) An alternative approach to delivering safe, sustainable surgical theatre environments. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 316–33.

Simon, D, Bellinson, R and Smit, W (2022) Transformational climate action at the city scale: comparative South–North perspectives. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 1000–18.

Slater, K R, Ventura, J, Robinson, J B, Fernandez, C, Dutfield, S and King, L (2022) Assessing climate action progress of the City of Toronto. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 1059–74.

Smektała, M and Baborska-Narożny, M (2022) The use of apartment balconies: context, design and social norms. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 134–52.

Song, J and Müller, B (2022) Integrating climate change and urban regeneration: success stories from Seoul. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 874–94.

Strengers, Y, Dahlgren, K and Nicholls, L (2022) Emerging technologies’ impacts on ‘man caves’ and their energy demand. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 503–17.

Strengers, Y, Gram-hanssen, K, Dahlgren, K and Aagaard, L k (2022) Energy, emerging technologies and gender in homes. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 842–53.

Sugar, K, Mose, T M, Nolden, C, Davis, M, Eyre, N, Sanchez-Graells, A and Van der Horst, D (2022) Local decarbonisation opportunities and barriers: UK public procurement legislation. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 895–911.

Tarpio, J and Huuhka, S (2022) Residents’ views on adaptable housing: a virtual reality-based study. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 93–110.

Thomas, L, Woods, A, Powles, R, Kalali, P and Wilkinson, S (2022) Residential geothermal air-conditioning: inhabitants’ comfort, behaviour and energy use. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 226–49.

van der Bent, H S, Visscher, H J, Meijer, A and Mouter, N (2022) Benchmarking energy performance: indicators and models for Dutch housing associations. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 417–32.

Villa, S B, Vasconcellos, P B, de Bortoli, K C R and de Araujo, L B (2022) Lack of adaptability in Brazilian social housing: impacts on residents. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 376–97.

Whittaker, S and Jespersen, K (2022) Stretching or conforming? Financing urban climate change adaptation in Copenhagen. Buildings and Cities, 3(01), 974–99.